Can Chinese Consulate in Tokyo issue a type 'F' visa for American citizen living in Japan shorttime?

Yes, you can apply a single-entry visa in Japan. The best way is to join a trave agency. You need to prepare the following documets:
1. Visa Application Form (V2011A and V2011B) attached with recent photo;
2. copy of your passport;
3. Your passport with a 6 months validity and at least 2 blank visa pages;
4. Invitation letter from Chinese unit or individual. If you have no invitation letter, your travel agenda, hotel booking order and flights.
5. Copy of your Japanese visa;
6. Other documents required by the visa officials.

Good luck!