Stolen passport.

Hello,
I have been living and working in Shanghai for 4 years and will be going back for another year in August. I'm an American citizen. I had a residency permit for next year but my passport was recently stolen while traveling. I received a new passport but I'm uncertain of my options for the Chinese visa. Can I get the old one somehow transferred to my new passport? Do I have to apply for a new one? If I do, which one should I apply for and how long will it take to process? I only plan to be in Moscow for a couple days before flying to PRC from SVO. Is it possible to expedite the processing time and have the visa ready on the same day I apply or the next day?