How long does it take to get from urumqi airport to the south railway station?

Well, if by taxi, it takes around half an hour from the airport to South Railway Station.
If by airport shuttle bus, the duration is about 40 mins. The ticket fare is CNY 15 per person.
And yes, the South Railway Station has several direct high-speed trains that can take you to Turpan North Railway Station. The train schedules are from 09:06 to 20:16. The trip takes around an hour. The ticket fare of second class seat is CNY49 and first class seat is CNY58.5.