I'm married to a Chinese citizen who works for an American company, can I get a Temp Res Per?

Yes, Q1 type can be changed into resident permit. You need to have your marriage certificate authenticated by Chinese embassy. And you need to submit these documents:
1. valid passport
2. filled pplication form with a recent passport photo
3. Accommodation Resgitration form or accommodation proof given by your hotel
You do need to register at local police station within 24 hours after you arrive.
4. an introduction letter from your wife, which includes general introduction about you, reason to apply for the resident permit, relationship, how long you plan to stay. Your wife needs to sign this letter.
5. original and copies of your wife's Chinese ID card and Household Registration Book
6. marriage certificate