Can I apply for resident visa while in the states?

James, you should apply for a Q type here in the US by submitting your passport, a copy of the passport's photo page, a full completed application form affixed with your recent color photo, an invitation letter from your wife, a photo copy of her ID card, and the original of your marriage certificate. During the application process, you are not allowed to leave the US. However, after you get it, you should enter mainland to substantialize the Q type into a residence permit.