Itinerary for 1 and a half days tour in Hong Kong: ASAP! :)

If you only want to go the places you listed, about one day is enough.
You can go to the Disneyland in the morning and go back to Central during the afternoon. Then you can go to the Peak, Madame Tussauds Museum. After that, you can take the Tsuen Wan Line to reach Tsim Sha Tsui and then walk to reach Avenue of Star and then take a taxi to reach Night Market at Temple Street.
Since you plan to leave around 3PM March 12, you can use the morning time to take Ngong Ping 360 Cable Car and shop for a while near Tung Chung. Then at Tung Chung, you can take bus S1 to reach the airport in about 20 minutes.
If you want to start your journey at midnight, you can have a visit to Lan Kwai Fong, where you can all kinds of bars and pubs. It is a good place of night life.
Hope these information is useful for you.

Wow! This is super helpful! Thank you so much for the swift and detailed response! :) Aside from the fact that your answer covered all the places I want to go to, you were able to add one more destination that I shouldn't miss and one more thing, I badly want to experience a cable car ride. But would it be possible for me to squeeze in some time so I can also go to causeway bay? Thanks a lot! :)