The Great Wall is located in the suburban area of Beijing. Actually, it is very difficult for you to finish the travel in one day. For example, if you take the earlies flight from Shanghai to Beijing, it is about 10:30am. Then, hire a taxi to drive you to the Badaling Great Wall at 12:00 as early as possible. Visit the Great Wall briefly for 4~5 hours. Finally, also take a taxi to return to the airport and take a night flight to Shanghai. The taxi fare should be very high.
The real-time flight schedule could be searched at https://www.travelchinaguide.com/china-flights/

Hello Innocent, I think you could take the express night train from Shanghai to Beijing, which depart from Shanghai around 21:30 and arrive at Beijing Railway Station at next 07:30. Secondly, please take the subway Line 2 from Beijing Railway Station and get off at Jishuitan station. The journey is about 30 minutes. At the Deshengmen bus terminal, which is close to Jishuitan, you could catch the tour special bus 919kuai to reach Badaling or Mutianyu Great Wall in one hour. After visiting the Great Wall, you could take the night train or flight back to Shanghai.