Passport and residence permit renewal

I have been teaching here since September 2012 and have asked to renew my contract for next year. My current residence permit will expire on July 5, 2013 and my U.S. passport will expire in April 2014. I would like to return to the U.S. this summer. I have a few questions: Can I renew my passport in the U.S. or do I have to renew it here from US embassy? If I get my residence permit renewed, how will it be transferred into my new passport? Can I apply to renew my residence permit at a Chinese consulate in the U.S. rather than here? Thank you for your help.