Short deadline for application and cvsac online booking for February.

The visa process normally takes 4 working days in fact, so I think you have enough time to apply for the visa if you have prepared all the required documents well.
The visa center don't provide on-line visa application service, and the only thing you have to do online is filling the application form and make an appointment in advance.
You have to submit your application in person or entrust a friend or a travel/vis aagent.
Based on your status, You should apply for a China F business visa with the following documents:
1. Original passport remaining to be valid for at least six months and with 2 at least 2 blank pages;
2. Completed Visa Application Form V2011A & V2011B with a recently-taken colorful passport photo(48mm*33mm) stuck on;
3. Invitation Letter of Duly Authorized Unit issued by Chinese governmental departments, companies and social organizations authorized by the Chinese Foreign Ministry;
4 Your permanent resident card or work/ student visa of Canada.