I am in Cali and I am a Colombian citizen. Do I need to go to Bogota to get the visa?

If allowed, you can ask someone in Bogota to submit the requirements for you. You should confirm with the embassy if this is allowed: Tel: +57-1-6223215; Email: mfa.gov.cn|chinaemb_co. If you don't know someone in Bogota, you can also check if mail application is available in your country.
In your case, you need an F (business) visa and the requirements for a business visa include: your passport valid for at least for 27 months since you are going to apply for a one valid for 2 years, one recent passport photo, visa application form, "Invitation Letter of Duly Authorized Unit" or "Confirmation Letter of Invitation" prescribing the visa validity, number of entries and stay period.
If you cannot get the "Invitation Letter of Duly Authorized Unit" or "Confirmation Letter of Invitation", tourist visa is fine for you. the requirements are passport, passport photo, visa application form, bank statement and the ticket to next destination after leaving China.