Syrian citizen in China and want to get Chinese Work permit in a third country

MD, as you are now in China, I assume you hold the X type, right? If so, it's possible to change the X type to the Z type at the local Exit and Entry Administration Bureau by providing all necessary documents. If you can do this successfully, it will be great. However, if your attempt turns out in vein, you should apply for the Z type in other countries. A third country will be OK, but you should hold valid entry permit for that country. In addition, the Philippines is not a good choice because you can't apply from there.