Can I change my student visa to a residence visa if I marry someone with residence visa?

I think there is no need to change your student visa type. After coming to China, one need to change the student visa to a temporary resident permit, which allows one stay for a relatively longer time in China.
The residence visa of your will-be husband also has a duration of validity, which is the same with your temporary residence permit. Also, if you change the visa type, no one can guarantee the new one will allow you to study in China.