Morning! At present, there are no trains between Xuzhou and Qufu. From Xuzhou to Qufu, you should transfer at Yanzhou Railway Station. Yanzhou is very near to Qufu. Among all those transfer stations from Xuzhou to Qufu, Yanzhou is the best choice, I think.

You can take the Train No.T34, K206, 1132, T178, 2034, 1114 or 1342, etc. from Xuzhou Railway Station to Yanzhou Railway Station. And then, choose trains or buses from Yanzhou to Qufu. Very easy!